Hi morgrob, sorry, I answered the style question
above, but that would be another thread, and is not relating to your question, really. Your teacher is rather unexperient: he mixed style with didactics, so did you, ... and finally I. Hope he´s better with dancing than with words.
Your concern is different:
All the keywords above belong to a very traditional way of teaching, that was invented 40 years ago, and shaped generations of tango teachers. The only good thing about it: There should be a lot of material.
Dont know if you are familiar with YouTube, and if you have trained your computer to show flash videos. I will post some Links, and you might get an idea, if it was, what you are looking for. Browse the menue with the related links on the right side then, and browse all those educational vids. Chop up complex movements into smaller units, find or ask for names for that special moves, draw tables or concept maps, and you will find your own way through this jungle.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3AhSTIFvpZ0
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PFQQzc7JVTQ
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fYEnrp9makg
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1-wl7kf-tU0
w.r. OD